croydon high street 1970wandsworth parking permit zones

All have failed. The High Street is also home to Wrencote House, a Grade II* listed building. Independent of such institutions, Croydon is also the home of artists such as Nosferatu D2. Croydon had as of 2012 320,991 square metres (3,455,120sqft) of total town centre floorspace, the second highest in Greater London only behind the West End. You must be signed in to save to an album. With a population of 380,000 people it should really be a city. Silent The mean age in 2013 ranged from 32 years in Broad Green and Fieldway wards, to 43.2 years in Selsdon and Ballards ward.[83]. Posted on November 1, 2022 by insidecroydon. Views of Croydon Surrey Street Market on a sunny day,with crowds of people dressed colorfully enjoying looking and buying at a variety of market stalls. A large public house in Edwardian style named the Leslie Arms (Inn Coope) on the Lower Addiscombe Road, followed by a view of a school type building on the corner of a road. The oldest currently surviving shop in Croydon is 46 South End. The three sub-colleges are the Croydon Sixth Form College, Croydon Skills and Enterprise College and the Croydon Higher Education College. Originally these were intended to document business signage and make sure signs were in compliance with city code. As the vast majority of place names in the area are of Anglo-Saxon origin, the theory accepted by most philologists is that the name Croydon derives originally from the Anglo-Saxon croh, meaning "crocus", and denu, "valley", indicating that, like Saffron Walden in Essex, it was a centre for the cultivation of saffron. [citation needed]. We've turned a space for cars into a space for people on. [62], As of 2011, Croydon's annual retail turnover from comparison goods was 353million, the fifth-highest in Greater London behind the West End, Shepherd's Bush, Stratford and Kingston upon Thames. Croydon Vision 2020 aims to tackle this though such solutions as making the road easier for pedestrians to cross by creating a centre island pathway. The High Street is part of Mid Croydon (the area of town centre bounded by George Street, Park Lane, the High Street, and the A232). Transport for London operates many bus routes in and around Croydon. Discover More Tempe High School "T.H.S." pennant 1970s . The next scene is a fancy-dress party - one woman seems to be wrapped in masking tape, while other women wear silly hats. Undeterred, council representatives have more than once described Croydon as "a city in all but name". flexible offerings for business. The median age was 31. Croydon is made up of 13 wards in the London Borough of Croydon: Addiscombe, Ashburton, Broad Green, Croham, Fairfield, Fieldway, Heathfield, New Addington, Sanderstead, Selhurst, Selsdon and Ballards, Shirley, and Waddon. [25], The Parish Church of St Michael and All Angels by John Loughborough Pearson in West Croydon was built between 1880 and 1885, and is Grade I listed.[26]. The Chinese Communist Party is operating a secret police station on Croydon High Street, part of a global network intended to control and intimidate former nationals who have made their homes outside China. To the west are industrial areas, part of which are in the London Borough of Sutton. For more information and help with Post Office services, please visit the website. In addition, there are plans for a large, new one billion pound shopping centre, in the form of a new Westfield shopping mall to add to the two which the company currently has in Greater London; Westfield plans to work jointly with Hammersons and to incorporate the best aspects of the two companies' designs. New stores opened and expanded in central Croydon, including Allders, Kennards and Grade II listed Grants, as well as the first Sainsbury's self-service shop in the country. Call: +44 (0)1722 716 376 Trustpilot. [28] The new county borough council implemented the Croydon Improvement scheme in the early 1890s, which widened the High Street and cleared much of the "Middle Row" slum area. It roughly forms the borough's western boundary with the London Borough of Sutton, and for part of its length also forms the boundary between the London Boroughs of Croydon and Lambeth. Increasing local opposition to the presence of allegedly unruly racegoers coupled with the need to obtain a licence from the local authority led to it being closed down in 1890.[24]. [89], The Warehouse Theatre (which closed in 2012), was a studio theatre known for promoting new writing, comedy and youth theatre. [5] This rapid expansion of the town led to considerable health problems, especially in the damp and overcrowded working class district of Old Town. The fact that. A selection of local business photographs from the 1970s, taken by employees of the City of Tempe Community Development Department. 48181 Quick View Davis Theatre, High Street c1955 Ref. An aerial view of Croydon, south London, with Surrey Street in the foreground left, circa 1970. croydon high street 1970. ben thompson actor greatest showman / is maura murray alive / croydon high street 1970. patti lupone broadway. [103] The 2018 interactive film, Black Mirror: Bandersnatch featured several scenes shot in Croydon, such as St George's Walk and No.1 Croydon. Mail. West Thornton ward (part of Thornton Heath) is one of the most ethnically diverse areas of England.[79]. Croydon town centre is near the centre of the borough of Croydon, to the north of the North Downs and the Pilgrims' Way path. House grew around market on Market Street & Middle Row (later Street). ft. house located at 1970 E Secretariat Dr, Tempe, AZ 85284 sold for $389,000 on Apr 12, 2017. It is one of the largest commercial districts in Greater London, with an extensive shopping district and night-time economy. Note that Pelton Bros moved premises from 40-44 High Street to 7-11 High Street around 1894; see illustration in main article. As aviation technology progressed and aircraft became larger and more numerous, it was recognised in 1952 that the airport would be too small to cope with increasing air traffic and its role was decreased.. The borough has on several occasions sought city status. It had a recorded population of 73 households (representing roughly 365 individuals); and its value in terms of taxes rendered was 37 10s 0d..[17][18]. One widely publicised event was a "Grand Scottish Fete" on 16 September 1834 "with a tightrope performance by Pablo Fanque, the black circus performer who would later dominate the Victorian circus and achieve immortality in The Beatles song, Being for the Benefit of Mr. Don't forget we also have External features include a rich red brick facade with black headers, and a heavily carved and enriched wooden eaves cornice.[86][87]. Cicely Mary Barker, author and illustrator of the Flower Fairies series of books, was born in Croydon. please get in touch In 1860 Frith began supplying photos to retailers. The second, opened in 1809, was the Croydon Canal, which branched off the Grand Surrey Canal at Deptford. The buildings "in fenced off grounds" at 0:38 - 1:00 are all part of the Mitcham Road Barracks with the cars parked on the parade ground. The building links into Croydon Town Hall and some areas of the building, most notably the Braithwaite Hall, are part of the original town hall and library complex, built in 18921896 to a design by Charles Henman. A view of the Ship public house with a Henekey Inns Est 1695 sign at the top of the building together with a large stone mermaid white figure on the front. At the beginning of the 19th century, Croydon became the terminus of two pioneering commercial transport links with London. A large grand black and white Tudor building is then seen with Pickfords removal warehouse in the background. In the mid 20th century these sectors were replaced by retailing and the service economy, brought about by massive redevelopment which saw the rise of office blocks and the Whitgift Centre, the largest shopping centre in Greater London until 2008. Colour The main concert hall was used for the conference scene in the Ron Howard film The Da Vinci Code (2006). 14-18 High Street - geograph.org.uk - 2631903.jpg 640 483; 228 KB A number of nurses in uniform are outside the Garden Hall, possibly in the grounds of the hospital, with elderly members of the public, some are sitting and others wander around very relaxed and chatting to each other. The Nest had previously been the home of the defunct Croydon Common Football Club and sat next to Selhurst station. Records show that the premises has been a shop for at least 163 years, where street directories from 1851 give the names of E. C. Johnson & Thorpe. 1086 In Domesday Book Croydon had a population of about 365, a church and a mill.. The Fairfield Halls reopened in 2019, following a programme of modernisation and refurbishment. They dance and drink, in some sort of large hall. For centuries the area lay within the Wallington hundred, an ancient Anglo-Saxon administrative division of the county of Surrey. There is an impressive grave with a poem at Bandon Hill Cemetery, and exhibits about him in the Museum of Croydon. Pigeons peck the ground at the edge of the lake, while ones pursues the others. [63], Apart from its large central shopping district, Croydon has a number of smaller shopping areas, especially towards the southern end of the town in which are many restaurants. No. The Croydon Tramlink began operation in May 2000 (see Transport section below). [94], In Jane Austen's unfinished novel The Watsons (written c.18031805), the heroine, Emma Watson, has a brother and sister-in-law who live in Croydon, and who urge her to join them for an extended visit. All rights reserved. The name "Croydon Airport" is still used as a landmark and as a bus stop designation. I can remember some of the girls in my class - Olga Ciuciura, Doreen O'Callaghan, Linda Ellis, Linda Castle. the headmistress before miss french,miss jobbinsreal old schoolmiss petersstrict,miss clark,mrs mullings,ms davies,miss pawsons.in my class there were about three or four carol`scarol mahoney,carol farquharson,carol, Download this free history of the Collection. On 21 June 1983 Queen Elizabeth II visited the Almshouses and unveiled a plaque celebrating the recently completed reconstruction of the building. 1 Croydon (formerly the NLA Tower)[32] designed by Richard Seifert & Partners was completed in 1970. contact us. However, if you would particularly like to buy one of these C201005 Quick View Old Houses in Middle Row 1890 Ref. "[22] The spa closed in 1856 soon after the opening nearby of the Crystal Palace[23] which had been rebuilt on Sydenham Hill in 1854, following its success at the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park. Croydon Parish Church is the burial place of six Archbishops of Canterbury: John Whitgift, Edmund Grindal, Gilbert Sheldon, William Wake, John Potter and Thomas Herring. It travelled north largely along the course of the present railway line to New Cross Gate, where it joined the Grand Surrey Canal and went on into the River Thames. The Westfield plans were delayed and the planning permission elapsed: however, in 2021, Croydon Council confirmed they were committed to see the Westfield Centre proceed. Location suggested: Gothic Villas on Church Road There was a Warden in charge of the well-being of the almoners. for Croydon and Greater London too! The Greyhound closed for business in the late 1980s and was refurbished and re-opened as The Blue Orchid. We see a red brick building joining what appears to be a small chapel, the building has vine growing up the front of the building. Wellesley Road on the A212 road forms a northsouth axis through the town centre. Strictly for non-commercial use. The Elizabethan Whitgift Almshouses, the "Hospital of the Holy Trinity", in the centre of Croydon at the corner of North End and George Street, were erected by Archbishop John Whitgift. Medieval Croydon. Opportunity to occupy a self-contained office building in a tranquil courtyard setting just off of Croydon High Street. MLS# 5953808. However, if you would particularly like to buy one of these [PHOTOS]", "London Borough of Croydon: Habitat Action Plan", "TfL announces plans to take over Tramlink services", "Lionel Atwill, 61, Noted Actor, Dies. When the London Borough was created in 1965, the Council endeavoured to have it styled a City, as was the City of Westminster. A view of Croydon Minister Church on Church Street Croydon on a grey day, to the right of the church we can see a red brick Salvation Army building and views of a large 1960's type. [108] These include Lloyd Park and Croham Hurst. Despite over 20 years work on the archive, these scans have still not been individually checked and may prove to be damaged, faded, or not of sufficient quality to ever be offered in our full product range. Moreover, UK rappers and grime artists Stormzy, Krept and Konan, Nadia Rose and Section Boyz all hail from or can trace their roots to the London Borough of Croydon. Six archbishops lived there between 1807 and 1898, when it was sold. You will then see a range of products available for this image alongside the larger print, where you have several options: Prints: A 1960s/70s office building can be seen in fenced off grounds with a number of 1970/80s vehicles parked in the forecourt, one huge gas cylinder can be seen in the background and a large Victorian type building to the right. You will then see a large blue button which will enable you to choose any of our print options available for this image - framed, mounted or just a print on its own. [49], On 26 November 2013, Croydon Council approved a redevelopment of the Town Centre by The Croydon Partnership, a joint venture by The Westfield Group and Hammerson. Its Domesday assets included 16 hides and 1 virgate of land; a church; a mill worth 5s; 38 plough-teams; 8 acres (3.2ha) of meadow; and woodland for 200 hogs. [7], The town lies on the line of the Roman road from London to Portslade, and there is some archaeological evidence for small-scale Roman settlement in the area: there may have been a mansio (staging-post) here. Spectators can be seen in a local park (possibly Wandle Park) watching the events on a grey day with clouds of smoke filling the air. Locations: United Kingdom; London; Croydon; London Road; Church Street; Croydon Power Station; Wandle Park; Croydon General Hospital; Summer Road; Croydon Clocktower; Broad Green; Fairfield Halls; Tabemer House; Park Hill Recreation Ground; Film London. The chain had a store on Crown Hill, Church Street. For more information, including opening hours and a full list of available services, visit this page. There are several community arts groups, particularly in the large Asian community. It is a red brick building with stone dressings. According to John Corbet Anderson: "The earliest mention of Croydon is in the joint will of Beorhtric and Aelfswth, dated about the year 962. housing estate. [73] The rest of the town centre is in the Croham ward, which is part of the Croydon South constituency. Croydon has a rock scene producing such local talent as Frankmusik, Noisettes, and Saint Etienne. Threatened by various reconstruction plans and road-widening schemes, the Almshouses were saved in 1923 by intervention of the House of Lords. Croydon High Street Croydon High Street We've created a new public space to host events and improve access to the town centre. North End is the main shopping street, while Croydon High Street is the main restaurant quarter. and The garden with the flowers in bloom is the Medieval Garden at Old Palace of John whitgift school. Please send us an enquiry if you are interested in buying this image Disused Stations. [112] Its network consists of two main lines, from Elmers End or Beckenham to Wimbledon, and from New Addington to West Croydon, with all trams running via a loop in central Croydon. The Higher Education College offers university-level education in a range of subjects from Law through to Fine Art. The town of Croydon includes its neighbourhoods Addiscombe, Addington, Broad Green, Coombe, Forestdale, New Addington, Sanderstead, Selsdon, Shirley, and Waddon. Historically, the town formed part of the County of Surrey, and between 1889 and 1965 a county borough, but was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965. Dating from the late 17th or early 18th centuries, and probably built as a merchant's house, it has a distinctive "H" plan form over its four floors (including basement and attic storey). Captain Sensible released the song "Croydon" in 1982 in tribute to his home town. On receipt of your enquiry our archivist will check the scan and advise you if the quality is good enough. Renamed Interchange Croydon when it was reopened in 2014, the 180,000 square foot office development was the first new grade A office development of its size to open in Croydon for more than 20 years.[34]. The tallest building in Croydon was No. Simply click on the relevant illustration for further details. The church and the archbishops' manor house occupied the area still known as "Old Town". The most common household tenure type was either owned or privately rented. To the east lie Addiscombe and Shirley. By the early 20th century, Croydon was an important industrial area, known for car manufacture, metal working and Croydon Airport. The borough's predominant argument has always been its size: in 2000 it pointed out that it was "the largest town which does not have the title of City in the whole of Western Europe". Places Of Interest. Wellesley Road, Croydon, July 1975. The building is currently in use as a music shop. The territorial police force is the Metropolitan Police. [2] The entire town[3] had a population of 192,064 as of 2011, whilst the wider borough had a population of 384,837. Two Bedroom, 1 Bath Units. [46], Several apartment developments, for instance Altitude 25 (completed 2010), have been built in recent years, and several more are being built or planned. Location suggested: St Michael's and All Angels School June 10, 2022 . [40], In 2007, events were held under the label of Croydon Exp07 to promote billions of pounds of promised projects, including swimming pools and a library. These include the 54-storey "Menta Tower" in Cherry Orchard Road near East Croydon station, and a 55-storey tower at One Lansdowne Road, on which construction was set to begin in early 2013. Sutton High Street Surrey England in the 1970's. Jason Kevan. ", "Ward Profiles and Atlas London Datastore", "The amazing new murals that are popping up all over Croydon", "Stunning mural painted on side of Hindu temple in Croydon", "Record collectors' shop faces the music", "Just Flutes of London, Specialist Flute Shop", "Fan Releases Nosferatu D2"s Album Again, Ignites Cult Following", "Filming Locations for The Dark Knight Rises", "Where Was Black Mirror's Bandersnatch Filmed? Rooftops of Victorian style factory buildings with a view of the front of a brick building with a white fence a sign can be seen for WW Lillico & Sons Ltd.(A corn chandler and seeds business which still exists today) possibly in Landsdowne Road. A stone water trough inscribed with Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Cattle trough association is seen by a small green with cars in the background. Howard Bossick, who ran The. It had a strong competitor in the Surrey Iron Railway and was never a financial success. It developed into one of the great airports of the world during the 1920s and 1930s. Content suggested: single, LocalEyes comment: In 1831, one of England's most prominent architects, Decimus Burton, designed a spa and pleasure gardens below Beulah Hill and off what is now Spa Hill in a bowl of land on the south-facing side of the hill around a spring of chalybeate water. Croydon residents want to see the town's "depressing" high street revamped as they fear it's dying without the long-awaited Westfield shopping centre. The ITV police drama The Bill, although set in East London, was filmed in Croydon and many of the town centre locations were filmed around Surrey Street and St George's House (the Nestle building). Croydon High School for Girls is an independent girls' school in Selsdon, and a member of the Girls' Day School Trust. [110] West Croydon is served by London Overground and Southern services. The foundation stone was laid in 1596 and the building was completed in 1599. He petitioned for and received permission from Queen Elizabeth I to establish a hospital and school in Croydon for the "poor, needy and impotent people" from the parishes of Croydon and Lambeth. His design loosely followed the previous layout, with knapped flint facing and many of the original features, including several tombs. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. [81] The Addiscombe ward was ethnically 45% White British and 10% Other White. 1 Croydon (formerly the NLA Tower), a high-rise office block, which was completed in 1970, until 2009, when Altitude 25, a residential high-rise complex, was completed. A direct grant grammar school until 1968, it is now a member of the Headmasters' Conference. Creating an Album enables you to make short lists and then make a final selection from the album. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. Croydon for a pretty girl In 1690, the leading inhabitants petitioned William III and Mary for Croydon to be incorporated as a borough. books The remaining slums were cleared shortly after Second World War, with much of the population relocated to the isolated new settlement of New Addington. The team was established in the early part of this decade and has played both national and international teams including Roller Derby Madrid, Stuttgart Valley Rollergirlz and Oxford Roller Derby. Croydon High Street at Surrey Street, Croydon Surrey England in 1983. $24.05 /SF/YR. Croydon Walk' A B.B. Next, we see small sail boats on a lake, one of which wobbles precariously. Local attractions and conveniences are easily reached on foot and public transport is nearby. Terms & Conditions of Use In addition to the suffragan Bishop of Croydon, the Vicar of Croydon is a preferment. Crog was, and still is, the Norse or Danish word for crooked, which is expressed in Anglo-Saxon by crumb, a totally different word. The now defunct airport lent itself to the mysteries The 12.30 from Croydon and Death in the Clouds,[93] and the town is mentioned in some Sherlock Holmes mysteries. Ward's 1874 directory (preface pages lviii-lix) states that "Mr. J. Pelton" was a member of the Local Board of Health, elected in 1873 for Croydon Ward; it also lists "Mr. John Pelton" as a member of the . They include primary schools (95), secondary schools (21) and four further education establishments. The lake at South Norwood is the former reservoir for the canal. I went to Heath Clark which was a secondary school when I joined in 1957 but for reasons I have never found an explanation for it became a Grammar School I think in. They sold a lot of radio equipment and catered for the CB radio boom in the 80s. People are getting food from the marque and stand around eating and talking to each other. [47], In May 2012 it was announced that Croydon had been successful in its bid to become one of twelve "Portas Pilot" towns, and would receive a share of 1.2m funding to help rejuvenate its central shopping areas. However, Croydon did not hold any kind of formal borough status. Croydon Walk' A B.B. Croydon High Street in southeast London, circa 1910. [21] Its official title was The Royal Beulah Spa and Gardens. January 2018. It is now a conference and banqueting venue. Croydon is the setting of novels. Terms & Conditions of Use [64], In a 2015 study by CACI, Croydon was ranked 12th in the "Hot 100 UK retail locations" with a score of 90%.[65]. [53], At Ruskin Square, a Boxpark made of sea containers opened in 2016 as a temporary measure until new buildings are constructed for shops, offices and housing. The archbishops used the manor house as an occasional place of residence: as lords of the manor they dominated the life of the town well into the early modern period, and as local patrons they continue to have an influence. Croydon Skills and Enterprise College delivers training and education opportunities. The construction of Saffron Square,[39] which includes a 43-storey tower, began on Wellesley Road in 2011 and was completed in 2016. Sunday League team Purley Saint Germain also play at Croydon Sports Arena. The air terminal, now known as Airport House adjoining Purley Way to the west of the town, has been restored and has a museum open one day a month. Super 8mm film Its three bays are divided by paired Doric pilasters supporting a triglyph frieze and panelled parapet. St. Joseph's College, on Beulah Hill in Upper Norwood, is a boys' school with a mixed sixth form. A charter issued by King Coenwulf of Mercia refers to a council that had taken place close to the monasterium (meaning minster) of Croydon. A view of a row of houses possibly 19th century with black iron railings on the front, a large Tudor style building possibly on church street. Wellesley. [35] In November 2017, Croydon Council gave permission for the new Westfield shopping centre to be built[36] and in January 2018, the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, approved the regeneration scheme. Further bids for city status were made in 1977, 1992, 2000, 2002, and 2012. Block Construc. I came upon this great website and have been intrigued to hear others memories of Croydon. 2036? The low, wooden hut on the right has the blue signage of 97 Squadron Air Training Corps, which was based there. High Road. After a shot of bright orange flowers, a closing title reads THE END. House of Fraser and Debenhams are the anchor stores in the combined centre. May 01, 2023. The sitting Member of Parliament for Croydon Central is Sarah Jones, a member of the Labour Party. Tandy electronics was a firm in most major British towns in the 70s, 80s and 90s. In 1860 Frith began supplying photos to retailers. 14 November. starting with the engine house in 1851, with a further engine house in 1862, a further extension in 18767 to house a compound horizontal engine and a further extension in 1912. [19] An Anglo-Saxon will made in about 960 is witnessed by Elfsies, priest of Croydon; and the church is also mentioned in Domesday Book. The Warehouse Theatre opened in 1977. Croydon High Street Croydon High Street We've created a new public space to host events and improve access to the town centre. You can create as many Albums as you want, so perhaps make one for your hometown, where you live now, where your parents live now etc. Not sure what to do or how to buy a photo or map? Welcome Home to this 4BR/2BA home is highly sought after Tempe. Croydon was a leisure destination in the mid 19th century. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. After the war, Heathrow Airport superseded Croydon Airport as London's main airport, and Croydon Airport quickly went into a decline, finally closing in 1959. In this Anglo-Saxon document the name is spelt [here he uses Old English characters] Crogdaene. Topographically, central Croydon generally lies between 50 metres (160ft) (in the north) and 70 metres (230ft) (in the south) above sea level. Norman Croydon. The building takes the form of a courtyard surrounded by the chambers of the almoners and various offices. One of its tributaries rises in Selhurst. Negotiable. The photo may be available to buy, but needs to be checked and optimised before you can place an order. The Prospect West office development was built in 1991 to 1992, and its remodelling planned in 2012[33] has now been completed. Copyright Frith Content Inc 1998-2023. Croydon has a Non-League football club, Croydon F.C. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. (This would be a purely honorific change of title, making no practical difference to the borough's governance.) [52] The Croydon Advertiser listed the approval as an "Historic Night for Croydon". In particular it makes ordering things like calendars much easier - simply create an Album of the 12 photos you like and then use the Album when placng your order - our order process will give you this option. An album is a way to save a selection of Frith photos, maps and memories that are of interest to you. 1273 Charter granted to Croydon Market.. Held between Surrey Street, Crown Hill & High Street. [99] The town centre was for 30 years home to Europe's largest second-hand record store, Beano's, offering rare vinyl, CDs and books. Visit this location at 10 High Street, Croydon, Surrey, CR9 1HT. This, coupled with national government incentives for office relocation out of Central London, led to the building of new offices and accompanying road schemes through the late 1950s and 1960s, and the town boomed as a business centre in the 1960s, with many multi-storey office blocks, an underpass, a flyover and multi-storey car parks. Green Park House, Poplar Walk, Croydon, London, . Standard Office. The site of the old Whitgift grammar school is now the Whitgift shopping centre whose freehold is owned by the Whitgift Foundation. C201270 Quick View Church Street c1950 Ref. Send us an enquiry. Next is an exterior shot of a row of terraced house on Congley Road; an elderly man steps outside accompanied by a white poodle. Croydon is a borough that's going places. [58][59], A redeveloped Fairfield Halls has been planned to be the linchpin of a cultural quarter encompassing nearby College Green. In 1831, one of England's most prominent architects, Decimus Burton, designed a spa and pleasure gardens below Beulah Hill and off what is now Spa Hill in a bowl of land on the south-facing side of the hill around a spring of chalybeate water.

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